As energy storage technology continues to evolve rapidly, battery innovations are playing a critical role in transforming industries like electric vehicles (EVs), renewable energy systems, and consumer electronics. Among the most promising developments are all-solid-state batteries, semi-solid-state batteries, and liquid batteries. Each technology has its own advantages, limitations, and stages of commercial readiness. Understanding these differences is essential for industry stakeholders, manufacturers, and customers looking to make informed decisions.

Understanding Solid-State Battery Variants

Solid-state batteries can be categorized into three types based on the amount of liquid electrolyte used:

Semi-solid-state batteries: <10% liquid electrolyte by weight

Quasi-solid-state batteries: <5% liquid electrolyte

All-solid-state batteries: 0% liquid electrolyte

The transition from liquid to solid involves significant changes in electrolyte materials and manufacturing processes. Currently, three major technological pathways are being pursued in solid-state development: polymer-based, oxide-based, and sulfide-based batteries. While Japan, South Korea, Europe, and the U.S. are focusing on sulfide systems, Chinese companies have been more invested in oxide technology and semi-solid-state batteries.

1. All-Solid-State Batteries (SSBs)

All-solid-state batteries (SSBs) are considered the pinnacle of next-generation energy storage solutions. Unlike traditional batteries that rely on flammable liquid electrolytes, SSBs use solid electrolytes—often ceramics, glass, or polymers.

Advantages:

High Energy Density: Up to 2–3 times higher than that of conventional lithium-ion batteries, enabling longer driving ranges and more compact designs.

Superior Safety: The non-flammable nature of solid electrolytes reduces the risk of fire and thermal runaway.

Extended Lifespan: Solid electrolytes are more stable over time, allowing for more charge cycles and better long-term performance.

Challenges:

Despite their promise, SSBs are still in the R&D stage. High costs, complex manufacturing requirements, and technical issues like lithium dendrite growth and mechanical stress are preventing large-scale adoption. Most experts agree it will take at least 5–10 years before SSBs are commercially viable on a large scale.

2. Semi-Solid-State Batteries

Semi-solid-state batteries serve as a middle ground between liquid and solid systems. They use a gel-like electrolyte, blending some of the safety and density benefits of solid-state batteries with the manufacturability of traditional lithium-ion batteries.

Advantages:

Improved Safety: The gel electrolyte is less flammable, lowering the risk of combustion.

Moderate Energy Density: While lower than SSBs, semi-solid batteries still outperform standard liquid batteries.

Manufacturing Flexibility: These batteries can be produced using existing lithium-ion production infrastructure, reducing the need for entirely new equipment.

Commercial Outlook:

Semi-solid-state batteries are already being tested in EVs by companies like NIO, demonstrating their near-term applicability. However, challenges in scaling gel electrolyte systems and achieving higher energy densities still remain.

3. Liquid Batteries (Conventional Lithium-Ion)

Liquid lithium-ion batteries are the most widely used batteries today. They serve as the backbone of the global energy storage industry, powering EVs, smartphones, laptops, and residential energy systems.

Advantages:

Mature and Cost-Effective: Proven production methods and widespread availability make these batteries affordable.

Established Infrastructure: Global supply chains and manufacturing facilities are optimized for liquid battery production.

Limitations:

Despite their dominance, liquid batteries have relatively low safety, moderate energy density, and shorter lifespans. Their flammable liquid electrolyte poses safety risks, particularly under high temperatures or physical damage.

Timeline for Mass Adoption

While all-solid-state batteries generate considerable interest due to their performance potential, they are unlikely to be mass-produced in the near term. In contrast, semi-solid-state batteries are closer to commercialization, particularly because they are compatible with existing lithium-ion battery production lines. This makes them an attractive interim solution before fully solid-state systems mature.

The Role of Dagong ESS in Energy Storage Innovation

As the industry transitions through different battery technologies, companies like Dagong ESS are playing a vital role in bridging innovation and practical application. Based in China, Dagong ESS provides customized commercial and industrial (C&I) energy storage systems that support a wide range of battery chemistries, including lithium iron phosphate (LFP), semi-solid-state, and other advanced technologies.

With a portfolio ranging from residential energy storage units (5–80kWh) to industrial cabinets (100–215kWh), Dagong ESS helps clients transition from legacy liquid systems to safer and more efficient alternatives. The company’s modular designs and global compliance ensure that its energy storage products are compatible with regional standards across Europe, the U.S., and Asia-Pacific markets.

By offering customized battery solutions, thermal management systems, and cloud-based energy monitoring platforms, Dagong ESS actively supports the adoption of next-generation battery technologies in real-world applications. As all-solid-state and semi-solid-state batteries mature, Dagong ESS is positioned to be a key player in deploying these innovations at scale.

Learn more about Dagong ESS’s full suite of energy storage solutions at https://www.dagongess.com

Conclusion: A Gradual, Strategic Transition

The future of battery technology will not be a sudden leap, but a step-by-step evolution. Liquid batteries will continue to dominate in the short term, but semi-solid and eventually all-solid-state batteries will take the lead as materials improve and production costs decrease.

Manufacturers, energy providers, and end users must prepare for this transition. Companies like Dagong ESS are crucial partners in ensuring that energy storage technology continues to evolve in a scalable, safe, and sustainable direction.